Pakistan
- Overview
- Obesity prevalence
- Trends over time
- Population breakdowns
- Drivers
- Comorbidities
- Health systems
- Policies
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National obesity risk *6.5/10This is a composite ‘obesity risk’ score (out of 10, the highest risk) based on obesity prevalence, rate of increase, likelihood of meeting the 2025 target, treatment indicator and childhood stunting levels.Childhood obesity risk *5/11This is a ‘risk score’ for each country’s likelihood of having or acquiring a major childhood obesity problem during the 2020s, taking account of current prevalence levels and risk for future obesity (based on stunting among infants, maternal obesity, maternal smoking, and breastfeeding rates).
* Based on estimated data. For more information see Publications
Obesity prevalence
Trends over time
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The report card collates all the most-recent graphics for this country. If you would like to produce a custom report based on selected graphics, just tap the Add to custom PDF button below the graphics you would like to use.Population breakdowns
Drivers
Insufficient activity
Soft drink consumption
Fruit consumption
Vegetable consumption
Fast food consumption
Processed meat consumption
Grains consumption
Depression
Anxiety
Roots of obesity »
Like all chronic diseases, the root causes/drivers of obesity are complex. Select here to view 'other' root causes/drivers.Breastfeeding
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Comorbidities
Health systems
Obesity prevalence
Women, 2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 15-49 |
| Sample size: | 123092 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Notes: | Nutritional status of non-pregnant women of reproductive age |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Women, 2017-2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 15-49 |
| Sample size: | 3722 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | DHS Pakistan 2018. https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR354/FR354.pdf |
| Notes: | Demographic Health Survey data includes ever married women aged 15-49 years only and may include males aged 15-59. |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Adults, 2013-2014
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 18-69 |
| Sample size: | 7710 |
| Area covered: | Regional |
| References: | STEPS Pakistan 2013/14 Fact Sheet (full report would not download) https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/2014_Pakistan_STEPS_FactSheet.pdf (last accessed 05.11.19) Report https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/2014_Pakistan_STEPS_Report.pdf (last accessed 19.10.20) |
| Notes: | Punjab & Siindh Province of Pakistan STEPS |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Women, 2012-2013
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 15-49 |
| Sample size: | 4170 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | DHS Pakistann 2012/2013 |
| Notes: | Demographic Health Survey data includes ever married women aged 15-49 years only and may include males aged 15-59. |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Adults, 1990-1994
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 15+ |
| Sample size: | 8972 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Jafar TH, Chaturvedi N and Pappas G. (2006). Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their association with hypertension and diabetes mellitus in an Indo-Asian population. CMAJ, 175(9):1071 - 1077. |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Children, 2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 10-19 |
| Sample size: | 103618 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Notes: | BMI-for-age cut-offs also available NB. Combined child data estimated. These estimates were calculated by weighting male and female survey results. Weighting based on World Bank Population % total female 2019 (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.FE.ZS - accessed 21.10.20)' |
| Cutoffs: | WHO |
Children, 2009-2010
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 5-12 |
| Sample size: | 1860 |
| Area covered: | Regional |
| References: | Mushtaq MU, Gull S, Mushtaq K, Agdullah HM, Khurshid U, Shahid U, Shad MA, Akram J. Height, weight and BMI percentiles and nutritional status relative to the international growth references among Pakistani school-aged children. BMC Pediatrics 2012, 12:31 doi:10.1186/1471-2431-12-31 |
| Notes: | Region: Lahore, IOTF Cut Off (it assumed that the paper oveweight includes obesity) |
| Cutoffs: | IOTF |
Children, 2008-2009
| Survey type: | Self-reported |
| Age: | 13-15 |
| Sample size: | 5192 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Global School based Student Health Survey Pakistan available at https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/Pakistan_2009_FS.pdf?ua=1(last accessed 14.12.20) |
| Cutoffs: | WHO |
% Adults living with obesity, 2012-2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| References: | 2012: DHS Pakistann 2012/2013 2017: DHS Pakistan 2018. https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR354/FR354.pdf 2018: Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
| Different methodologies may have been used to collect this data and so data from different surveys may not be strictly comparable. Please check with original data sources for methodologies used. | |
Overweight/obesity by education
Women, 2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 15-49 |
| Sample size: | 123092 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Notes: | Non-pregnant women |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Women, 2011-2012
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 15-49 |
| Sample size: | 4,767 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Janjua et al 2015. Association of Household and Community Socioeconomic Position and Urbanicity with Underweight and Overweight among Women in Pakistan. PLoS ONE 10(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122314 |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Boys, 2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 10-19 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Notes: | BMI-for-age cut-offs also available |
| Cutoffs: | WHO |
Girls, 2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 10-19 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Notes: | BMI-for-age cut-offs also available |
| Cutoffs: | WHO |
Overweight/obesity by age
Women, 2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Sample size: | 123092 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Notes: | Nutritional status of non-pregnant women of reproductive age |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Women, 2011-2012
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Sample size: | 4,767 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Janjua et al 2015. Association of Household and Community Socioeconomic Position and Urbanicity with Underweight and Overweight among Women in Pakistan. PLoS ONE 10(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122314 |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Overweight/obesity by region
Women, 2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 15-49 |
| Sample size: | 123092 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Notes: | Nutritional status of non-pregnant women of reproductive age |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Women, 2011-2012
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 15-49 |
| Sample size: | 4,767 |
| References: | Janjua et al 2015. Association of Household and Community Socioeconomic Position and Urbanicity with Underweight and Overweight among Women in Pakistan. PLoS ONE 10(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122314 |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Boys, 2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 10-19 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Notes: | BMI-for-age cut-offs also available |
| Cutoffs: | WHO |
Girls, 2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 10-19 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Notes: | BMI-for-age cut-offs also available |
| Cutoffs: | WHO |
Children, 2009
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 5-12 |
| Sample size: | 1860 |
| Area covered: | Lahore, Pakistan |
| References: | Mushtaq MU, Gull S, Abdullah HM et al. Prevalence and socioeconomic correlates of overweight and obesity among Pakistani primary school children. BMC Public Health, 2011: Volume 11, Number 1, Page 1 |
| Notes: | Overweight (> + 1SD) and obesity (> + 2SD) were defined using the World Health Organization child growth reference 2007. |
| Cutoffs: | WHO |
Overweight/obesity by socio-economic group
Women, 2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 15-49 |
| Sample size: | 123092 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Notes: | Non-pregnant women |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Women, 2011-2012
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 15-49 |
| Sample size: | 4,767 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Janjua et al 2015. Association of Household and Community Socioeconomic Position and Urbanicity with Underweight and Overweight among Women in Pakistan. PLoS ONE 10(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122314 |
| Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Boys, 2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 10-19 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Notes: | BMI-for-age cut-offs also available |
| Cutoffs: | WHO |
Girls, 2018
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 10-19 |
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018 https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2826/file/National%20Nutrition%20S (Accessed 03.11.20) |
| Notes: | BMI-for-age cut-offs also available |
| Cutoffs: | WHO |
Children, 2009
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 5-12 |
| Sample size: | 1860 |
| Area covered: | Subnational - Lahore |
| References: | Mushtaq MU, Gull S, Abdullah HM, Shahid U, Shad MA, Akram J. Prevalence and socioeconomic correlates of overweight and obesity among Pakistani primary school children. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:724. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-724. |
| Notes: | Overweight (> + 1SD) and obesity (> + 2SD) were defined using the World Health Organization child growth reference 2007. |
| Cutoffs: | WHO |
Insufficient physical activity
Adults, 2016
| References: | Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. Lancet 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7 |
Men, 2016
| References: | Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. Lancet 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7 |
Women, 2016
| References: | Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. Lancet 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7 |
Children, 2016
| Survey type: | Self-reported |
| Age: | 11-17 |
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A893ADO?lang=en (last accessed 16.03.21) |
| Notes: | % of school going adolescents not meeting WHO recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, i.e. doing less than 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily. |
| Definitions: | % Adolescents insufficiently active (age standardised estimate) |
Boys, 2016
| Survey type: | Self-reported |
| Age: | 11-17 |
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A893ADO?lang=en (last accessed 16.03.21) |
| Notes: | % of school going adolescents not meeting WHO recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, i.e. doing less than 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily. |
| Definitions: | % Adolescents insufficiently active (age standardised estimate) |
Girls, 2016
| Survey type: | Self-reported |
| Age: | 11-17 |
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A893ADO?lang=en (last accessed 16.03.21) |
| Notes: | % of school going adolescents not meeting WHO recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, i.e. doing less than 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily. |
| Definitions: | % Adolescents insufficiently active (age standardised estimate) |
Children, 2010
| Age: | 11-17 |
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A893?lang=en |
| Notes: | % of school going adolescents not meeting WHO recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, i.e. doing less than 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily. |
| Definitions: | % Adolescents insufficiently active (age standardised estimate) |
Boys, 2010
| Age: | 11-17 |
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A893?lang=en |
| Notes: | % of school going adolescents not meeting WHO recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, i.e. doing less than 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily. |
| Definitions: | % Adolescents insufficiently active (age standardised estimate) |
Girls, 2010
| Age: | 11-17 |
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A893?lang=en |
| Notes: | % of school going adolescents not meeting WHO recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, i.e. doing less than 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily. |
| Definitions: | % Adolescents insufficiently active (age standardised estimate) |
Average daily frequency of carbonated soft drink consumption
Children, 2009-2015
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 12-17 |
| References: | Beal et al. (2019). Global Patterns of Adolescent Fruit, Vegetable, Carbonated Soft Drink, and Fast-food consumption: A meta-analysis of global school-based student health surveys. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572119848287 sourced from Food Systems Dashboard http://www.foodsystemsdashboard.org/food-system |
Estimated per capita fruit intake
Adults, 2017
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 25+ |
| References: | Global Burden of Disease, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation http://ghdx.healthdata.org/ |
| Definitions: | Estimated per-capita fruit intake (g/day) |
Prevalence of less than daily fruit consumption
Children, 2008-2015
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 12-17 |
| References: | Global School-based Student Health Surveys. Beal et al (2019). Global Patterns of Adolescent Fruit, Vegetable, Carbonated Soft Drink, and Fast-food consumption: A meta-analysis of global school-based student health surveys. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572119848287. Sourced from Food Systems Dashboard http://www.foodsystemsdashboard.org/food-system |
| Definitions: | Prevalence of less-than-daily fruit consumption (% less-than-daily fruit consumption) |
Prevalence of less than daily vegetable consumption
Children, 2008-2015
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 12-17 |
| References: | Beal et al. (2019). Global Patterns of Adolescent Fruit, Vegetable, Carbonated Soft Drink, and Fast-food consumption: A meta-analysis of global school-based student health surveys. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572119848287 sourced from Food Systems Dashboard http://www.foodsystemsdashboard.org/food-system |
| Definitions: | Prevalence of less-than-daily vegetable consumption (% less-than-daily vegetable consumption) |
Average weekly frequency of fast food consumption
Children, 2009-2015
| Age: | 12-17 |
| References: | Beal et al. (2019). Global Patterns of Adolescent Fruit, Vegetable, Carbonated Soft Drink, and Fast-food consumption: A meta-analysis of global school-based student health surveys. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572119848287 sourced from Food Systems Dashboard http://www.foodsystemsdashboard.org/food-system |
Estimated per-capita processed meat intake
Adults, 2017
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 25+ |
| References: | Global Burden of Disease, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation http://ghdx.healthdata.org/ |
| Definitions: | Estimated per-capita processed meat intake (g per day) |
Estimated per capita whole grains intake
Adults, 2017
| Survey type: | Measured |
| Age: | 25+ |
| References: | Global Burden of Disease, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation http://ghdx.healthdata.org/ |
| Definitions: | Estimated per-capita whole grains intake (g/day) |
Mental health - depression disorders
Adults, 2015
| References: | Prevalence data from Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) published in: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. |
| Definitions: | % of population with depression disorders |
Mental health - anxiety disorders
Adults, 2015
| References: | Prevalence data from Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) published in: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. |
| Definitions: | % of population with anxiety disorders |
% Infants exclusively breastfed 0-5 months
Children, 2010-2019
| Area covered: | National |
| References: | Pakistan 2018 National Nutrition Survey |
| Notes: | See UNICEF website for further survey information. Available at : https://data.unicef.org/resources/dataset/infant-young-child-feeding/ (last accessed 28.9.21) Citation: United Nations Children’s Fund, Division of Data, Analysis, Planning and Monitoring (2021). Global UNICEF Global Databases: Infant and Young Child Feeding: Exclusive breastfeeding, New York, September 2021. |
| Definitions: | % exclusively breastfed 0-5 months |
Oesophageal cancer
Men, 2018
| Age: | 20+ |
| References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
| Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, oesophagus, adults ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Women, 2018
| Age: | 20+ |
| References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
| Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, oesophagus, adults ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Breast cancer
Women, 2018
| Age: | 20+ |
| References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
| Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, breast, females, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Colorectal cancer
Men, 2018
| Age: | 20+ |
| References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
| Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, colorectum, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Women, 2018
| Age: | 20+ |
| References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
| Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, colorectum, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Pancreatic cancer
Men, 2018
| Age: | 20+ |
| References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
| Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, pancreas, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Women, 2018
| Age: | 20+ |
| References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
| Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, pancreas, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Gallbladder cancer
Men, 2018
| Age: | 20+ |
| References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
| Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, gallbladder, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Women, 2018
| Age: | 20+ |
| References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
| Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, gallbladder, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Kidney cancer
Men, 2018
| Age: | 20+ |
| References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
| Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, kidney, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Women, 2018
| Age: | 20+ |
| References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
| Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, kidney, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Cancer of the uterus
Women, 2018
| Age: | 20+ |
| References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
| Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, cervix uteri, females, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Raised blood pressure
Adults, 2015
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A875?lang=en |
| Definitions: | Age Standardised estimated % Raised blood pressure 2015 (SBP>=140 OR DBP>=90). |
Men, 2015
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A875?lang=en |
| Definitions: | Age Standardised estimated % Raised blood pressure 2015 (SBP>=140 OR DBP>=90). |
Women, 2015
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A875?lang=en |
| Definitions: | Age Standardised estimated % Raised blood pressure 2015 (SBP>=140 OR DBP>=90). |
Raised cholesterol
Adults, 2008
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A885 |
| Definitions: | % Raised total cholesterol (>= 5.0 mmol/L) (age-standardized estimate). |
Men, 2008
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A885 |
| Definitions: | % Raised total cholesterol (>= 5.0 mmol/L) (age-standardized estimate). |
Women, 2008
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A885 |
| Definitions: | % Raised total cholesterol (>= 5.0 mmol/L) (age-standardized estimate). |
Raised fasting blood glucose
Men, 2014
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A869?lang=en |
| Definitions: | Age Standardised % raised fasting blood glucose (>= 7.0 mmol/L or on medication). |
Women, 2014
| References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A869?lang=en |
| Definitions: | Age Standardised % raised fasting blood glucose (>= 7.0 mmol/L or on medication). |
Diabetes prevalence
Adults, 2019
| Age: | 20-79 |
| References: | Reproduced with kind permission International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th edn. Brussels,Belgium: 2019. Available at: https://www.diabetesatlas.org |
| Definitions: | Diabetes age-adjusted comparative prevalence (%). |
Adults, 2017
| References: | Reproduced with kind permission of IDF, International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th edition. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2017. http://www.diabetesatlas.org |
| Definitions: | Diabetes age-adjusted comparative prevalence (%). |
Health systems
Economic classification: Lower Middle Income
Health systems summary
Pakistan’s health system is complex, with many subsystems and competing providers. Healthcare in the public sector is delivered by the federal and/or provincial government (dependent on area) while care in the private sector is delivered by actors ranging from hospitals to individually practising healthcare professionals, traditional healers and philanthropic organisations. The private sector is estimated to serve 70% of the Pakistani population, with Pakistan spending just 3.1% of its GDP on health. In 2015-2016, out of pocket expenditure was close to 60% of total health expenditure.
Pakistan is marked by severe urban-rural disparities. Despite an increase in the number of facilities in recent years, those in rural and remote areas have difficulty accessing services. This is exacerbated by a chronic shortage of healthcare workers.
Indicators
| Where is the country’s government in the journey towards defining ‘Obesity as a disease’? | No |
| Where is the country’s healthcare provider in the journey towards defining ‘Obesity as a disease’? | No |
| Is there specialist training available dedicated to the training of health professionals to prevent, diagnose, treat and manage obesity? | No |
| Have any taxes or subsidies been put in place to protect/assist/inform the population around obesity? | No |
| Are there adequate numbers of trained health professionals in specialties relevant to obesity in urban areas? | No |
| Are there adequate numbers of trained health professionals in specialties relevant to obesity in rural areas? | No |
| Are there any obesity-specific recommendations or guidelines published for adults? | No |
| Are there any obesity-specific recommendations or guidelines published for children? | No |
| In practice, how is obesity treatment largely funded? | Out of pocket |
Summary of stakeholder feedback
Obesity is not yet considered a disease in Pakistan by the government, the healthcare providers or the public. Aside from new nutritional guidelines published in late 2018, stakeholders reported a lack of action around prevention from the government. There were calls for more public awareness campaigns to inform the public around a healthy lifestyle and calls for better obesity-related research.
Stakeholders reported there to be a lack of obesity management and treatment guidelines in Pakistan, and relatedly no routinely used care pathways. It did appear, however, that there was agreement that individuals became eligible for pharmacological treatment at BMI>30 kg/m2. It is unclear whether treatment is covered by the government and insurance providers, but stakeholders reported that treatment was mostly financed out of pocket by individuals.
There is great regional disparity in access to care in Pakistan. Weight management programmes were reported to be concentrated in major cities and even then, stakeholders remarked that they are manned by insufficiently qualified staff. As a result, people living with obesity in rural areas were said to not enter the health system for care (compounded by the fact that those in rural areas are also less likely to consider obesity to be a disease and so think care is necessary).
There is no specialist obesity training available in Pakistan. Stakeholders reported that a lot of treatment is delivered by ‘quacks’, particularly in rural areas. This issue of quacks is not isolated to obesity treatment.
Based on interviews/survey returns from 4 stakeholders
Last updated: June 2020
