Comoros

Overview
Obesity prevalence
Population breakdowns
Drivers
Comorbidities
Economic impact
Policies
Contextual factors

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National obesity risk *6.5/10 Childhood obesity risk *5/11

* Based on estimated data. For more information see Publications

Population breakdowns

Drivers

Comorbidities

Economic impact

Policies

Transnational Obesity Strategies

Contextual factors

Obesity prevalence

Women, 2012

Survey type:	Measured
Age:	15-49
Sample size:	4737
Area covered:	National
References:	Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Prospective - DGSP/Comores and ICF International. 2014. Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples aux Comores 2012. Rockville, MD 20850, USA: DGSP and ICF International.
Notes:	Demographic Health Survey data includes ever married women aged 15-49 years only and may include males aged 15-59.
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m².

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Adults, 2011

Survey type:	Measured
Age:	25-64
Sample size:	5556
Area covered:	National
References:	STEPS 2011 Comoros Fact Sheet. Available at https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/2011_FactSheet_Comoros_FR.pdf (last accessed 05.10.20)
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m².

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Women, 1996

Survey type:	Measured
Age:	15-49
Sample size:	773
Area covered:	National
References:	Martorell R, Khan LK, Hughes ML and Grummer Strawn LM. (2000). Obesity in women from the developing countries. EJCN 54: 247 - 252.
Notes:	Ever married women 15 - 49 years. The data from this paper was sourced from the Demographic Health Survey Programme https://dhsprogram.com/ Central Statistical Office and Macro International. Calverton, Maryland, USA
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m².

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Girls, 2012

Survey type:	Measured
Age:	15-19
Sample size:	1011
Area covered:	National
References:	Benedict, Rukundo K., Allison Schmale, and Sorrel Namaste. 2018. Adolescent Nutrition 2000-2017: DHS Data on Adolescents Age 15-19. DHS Comparative Report No. 47. Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Prospective - DGSP/Comores and ICF International. 2014. Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples aux Comores 2012. Rockville, MD 20850, USA: DGSP and ICF International.
Definitions:	BMI for age: between +1 SD and +2 SD is overweight and greater than +2 SD is obesity
Cutoffs:	WHO 2007

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0-5 years, 2012

Age:	0-5
Sample size:	2900
References:	DHS: Enquête démographique et de santé et à indicateurs multiples aux Comores 2012. Demograohic and Health Surveys and MICS. Rockville, MD 20850, USA : DGSP et ICF International, 2014
Notes:	UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight (Survey Estimates), May 2023, New York. For more information about the methodology, please consult https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2023-country-consultations/ Percentage of children under 5 years of age falling above 2 standard deviations (moderate and severe) from the median weight-for-height of the reference population.
Definitions:	=>+2SD

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0-5 years, 2000

Age:	0-5
Sample size:	3479
References:	MICS: Enquête a indicateurs multiples (MICS 2000): Rapport final (1er draft Février 2001). Moroni, Comoros: UNICEF, 2001
Notes:	UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight (Survey Estimates), May 2023, New York. For more information about the methodology, please consult https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2023-country-consultations/ Percentage of children under 5 years of age falling above 2 standard deviations (moderate and severe) from the median weight-for-height of the reference population.
Definitions:	=>+2SD

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0-5 years, 1996

Age:	0-5
Sample size:	972
References:	DHS: Enquête demographique et de santé, Comores 1996. Demographic and Health Surveys. Centre National de Documentation et de Recherche Scientifique. Moroni, Comores, 1997
Notes:	UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight (Survey Estimates), May 2023, New York. For more information about the methodology, please consult https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2023-country-consultations/ Percentage of children under 5 years of age falling above 2 standard deviations (moderate and severe) from the median weight-for-height of the reference population.
Definitions:	=>+2SD

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Overweight/obesity by education

0-5 years, 2012

Sample size:	2900
References:	DHS: Enquête démographique et de santé et à indicateurs multiples aux Comores 2012. Demograohic and Health Surveys and MICS. Rockville, MD 20850, USA : DGSP et ICF International, 2014
Notes:	UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight (Survey Estimates), May 2023, New York. For more information about the methodology, please consult https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2023-country-consultations/ Percentage of children under 5 years of age falling above 2 standard deviations (moderate and severe) from the median weight-for-height of the reference population.
Definitions:	=>+2SD

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0-5 years, 2000

Sample size:	3479
References:	MICS: Enquête a indicateurs multiples (MICS 2000): Rapport final (1er draft Février 2001). Moroni, Comoros: UNICEF, 2001
Notes:	UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight (Survey Estimates), May 2023, New York. For more information about the methodology, please consult https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2023-country-consultations/ Percentage of children under 5 years of age falling above 2 standard deviations (moderate and severe) from the median weight-for-height of the reference population.
Definitions:	=>+2SD

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0-5 years, 1996

Sample size:	972
References:	DHS: Enquête demographique et de santé, Comores 1996. Demographic and Health Surveys. Centre National de Documentation et de Recherche Scientifique. Moroni, Comores, 1997
Notes:	UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight (Survey Estimates), May 2023, New York. For more information about the methodology, please consult https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2023-country-consultations/ Percentage of children under 5 years of age falling above 2 standard deviations (moderate and severe) from the median weight-for-height of the reference population.
Definitions:	=>+2SD

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Overweight/obesity by region

Girls, 2012

Survey type:	Measured
Age:	15-19
Sample size:	1011
Area covered:	National
References:	Benedict, Rukundo K., Allison Schmale, and Sorrel Namaste. 2018. Adolescent Nutrition 2000-2017: DHS Data on Adolescents Age 15-19. DHS Comparative Report No. 47. Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Prospective - DGSP/Comores and ICF International. 2014. Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples aux Comores 2012. Rockville, MD 20850, USA: DGSP and ICF International.
Definitions:	BMI for age: between +1 SD and +2 SD is overweight and greater than +2 SD is obesity
Cutoffs:	WHO 2007

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0-5 years, 2012

Sample size:	2900
References:	DHS: Enquête démographique et de santé et à indicateurs multiples aux Comores 2012. Demograohic and Health Surveys and MICS. Rockville, MD 20850, USA : DGSP et ICF International, 2014
Notes:	UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight (Survey Estimates), May 2023, New York. For more information about the methodology, please consult https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2023-country-consultations/ Percentage of children under 5 years of age falling above 2 standard deviations (moderate and severe) from the median weight-for-height of the reference population.
Definitions:	=>+2SD

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0-5 years, 2000

Sample size:	3479
References:	MICS: Enquête a indicateurs multiples (MICS 2000): Rapport final (1er draft Février 2001). Moroni, Comoros: UNICEF, 2001
Notes:	UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight (Survey Estimates), May 2023, New York. For more information about the methodology, please consult https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2023-country-consultations/ Percentage of children under 5 years of age falling above 2 standard deviations (moderate and severe) from the median weight-for-height of the reference population.
Definitions:	=>+2SD

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0-5 years, 1996

Sample size:	972
References:	DHS: Enquête demographique et de santé, Comores 1996. Demographic and Health Surveys. Centre National de Documentation et de Recherche Scientifique. Moroni, Comores, 1997
Notes:	UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight (Survey Estimates), May 2023, New York. For more information about the methodology, please consult https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2023-country-consultations/ Percentage of children under 5 years of age falling above 2 standard deviations (moderate and severe) from the median weight-for-height of the reference population.
Definitions:	=>+2SD

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Overweight/obesity by socio-economic group

0-5 years, 2012

Sample size:	2900
References:	DHS: Enquête démographique et de santé et à indicateurs multiples aux Comores 2012. Demograohic and Health Surveys and MICS. Rockville, MD 20850, USA : DGSP et ICF International, 2014
Notes:	UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight (Survey Estimates), May 2023, New York. For more information about the methodology, please consult https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2023-country-consultations/ Percentage of children under 5 years of age falling above 2 standard deviations (moderate and severe) from the median weight-for-height of the reference population.
Definitions:	=>+2SD

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0-5 years, 2000

Sample size:	3479
References:	MICS: Enquête a indicateurs multiples (MICS 2000): Rapport final (1er draft Février 2001). Moroni, Comoros: UNICEF, 2001
Notes:	UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight (Survey Estimates), May 2023, New York. For more information about the methodology, please consult https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2023-country-consultations/ Percentage of children under 5 years of age falling above 2 standard deviations (moderate and severe) from the median weight-for-height of the reference population.
Definitions:	=>+2SD

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0-5 years, 1996

Sample size:	972
References:	DHS: Enquête demographique et de santé, Comores 1996. Demographic and Health Surveys. Centre National de Documentation et de Recherche Scientifique. Moroni, Comores, 1997
Notes:	UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Overweight (Survey Estimates), May 2023, New York. For more information about the methodology, please consult https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-2023-country-consultations/ Percentage of children under 5 years of age falling above 2 standard deviations (moderate and severe) from the median weight-for-height of the reference population.
Definitions:	=>+2SD

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Double burden of underweight & overweight

Adults, 2022

Survey type:	Measured
Age:	20+
References:	NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 2024; published online Feb 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2.
Notes:	Age Standardised estimates
Definitions:	Combined prevalence of BMI<18.5 kg/m² and BMI>=30 kg/m² (double burden of underweight and obesity)

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Children, 2022

Survey type:	Measured
Age:	5-19
References:	NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 2024; published online Feb 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2.
Notes:	Age standardised estimates
Definitions:	Combined prevalence of BMI < -2SD and BMI > 2SD (double burden of thinness and obesity)
Cutoffs:	BMI < -2SD and BMI > 2SD

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0-5 years, 2012-2012

Survey type:	Measured
Age:	0-5
References:	UNICEF data available at https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/(last accessed 12.03.25)
Notes:	Children under 5 falling below -2 standard deviations from the median height for age and falling at or above +2 standard deviations from the median weight-for-height of the reference population

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Insufficient physical activity

Adults, 2022

Survey type:	Self-reported
Age:	18+
Area covered:	National
References:	WHO (2024). Prevalence of insufficient physical activity among adults aged 18-years age-standardized estimate in 2022. Available at https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-insufficient-physical-activity-among-adults-aged-18-years-(age-standardized-estimate)-(-)
Definitions:	Percent of population attaining less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week, or less than 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week, or equivalent.

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Men, 2022

Survey type:	Self-reported
Age:	18+
Area covered:	National
References:	WHO (2024). Prevalence of insufficient physical activity among adults aged 18-years age-standardized estimate in 2022. Available at https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-insufficient-physical-activity-among-adults-aged-18-years-(age-standardized-estimate)-(-)
Definitions:	Percent of population attaining less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week, or less than 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week, or equivalent.

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Women, 2022

Survey type:	Self-reported
Age:	18+
Area covered:	National
References:	WHO (2024). Prevalence of insufficient physical activity among adults aged 18-years age-standardized estimate in 2022. Available at https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-insufficient-physical-activity-among-adults-aged-18-years-(age-standardized-estimate)-(-)
Definitions:	Percent of population attaining less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week, or less than 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week, or equivalent.

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Adults, 2016

References:

Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. Lancet 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7

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Men, 2016

References:

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Women, 2016

References:

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Estimated per capita fruit intake

Adults, 2017

Survey type:	Measured
Age:	25+
References:	Global Burden of Disease, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation http://ghdx.healthdata.org/
Definitions:	Estimated per-capita fruit intake (g/day)

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Estimated per-capita processed meat intake

Adults, 2017

Survey type:	Measured
Age:	25+
References:	Global Burden of Disease, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation http://ghdx.healthdata.org/
Definitions:	Estimated per-capita processed meat intake (g per day)

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Estimated per capita whole grains intake

Adults, 2017

Survey type:	Measured
Age:	25+
References:	Global Burden of Disease, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation http://ghdx.healthdata.org/
Definitions:	Estimated per-capita whole grains intake (g/day)

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Mental health - depression disorders

Adults, 2021

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2023. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Last accessed 23.04.25)
Definitions:	Number living with depression per 100,000 population (adults 20+ years)

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Men, 2021

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2023. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Last accessed 23.04.25)
Definitions:	Number living with depression per 100,000 population (adults 20+ years)

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Women, 2021

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2023. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Last accessed 23.04.25)
Definitions:	Number living with depression per 100,000 population (adults 20+ years)

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Adults, 2015-2021

References:	Prevalence data from Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) published in: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Definitions:	% of population with depression disorders

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Adults, 2015-2021

References:	Prevalence data from Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) published in: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Definitions:	% of population with depression disorders

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Men, 2015-2021

References:	Prevalence data from Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) published in: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Definitions:	% of population with depression disorders

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Women, 2015-2021

References:	Prevalence data from Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) published in: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Definitions:	% of population with depression disorders

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Children, 2021

Area covered:	National
References:	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2023. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Last accessed 23.04.25)
Definitions:	Number living with depressive disorder per 100,000 population (Under 20 years of age)

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Boys, 2021

Area covered:	National
References:	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2023. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Last accessed 23.04.25)
Definitions:	Number living with depressive disorder per 100,000 population (Under 20 years of age)

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Girls, 2021

Area covered:	National
References:	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2023. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Last accessed 23.04.25)
Definitions:	Number living with depressive disorder per 100,000 population (Under 20 years of age)

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Mental health - anxiety disorders

Adults, 2021

Age:	20+
References:	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2023. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Last accessed 23.04.25).
Definitions:	Number living with anxiety per 100,000 population

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Men, 2021

Age:	20+
References:	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2023. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Last accessed 23.04.25).
Definitions:	Number living with anxiety per 100,000 population

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Women, 2021

Age:	20+
References:	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2023. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Last accessed 23.04.25).
Definitions:	Number living with anxiety per 100,000 population

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Adults, 2015-2021

References:	Prevalence data from Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) published in: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Definitions:	% of population with anxiety disorders

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Adults, 2015-2021

References:	Prevalence data from Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) published in: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Definitions:	% of population with anxiety disorders

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Men, 2015-2021

References:	Prevalence data from Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) published in: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Definitions:	% of population with anxiety disorders

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Women, 2015-2021

References:	Prevalence data from Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) published in: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Definitions:	% of population with anxiety disorders

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Children, 2021

References:

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2023. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Last accessed 23.04.25)

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Boys, 2021

References:

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Girls, 2021

References:

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% Infants exclusively breastfed 0-5 months

0-5 years, 2010-2024

References:	Enquête démographique et de santé et à indicateurs multiples aux Comores 2012. Demograohic and Health Surveys and MICS. Rockville, MD 20850, USA : DGSP et ICF International, 2014
Notes:	Full details are available. Original citation United Nations Children’s Fund, Division of Data, Analysis, Planning and Monitoring (2023). Global UNICEF Global Databases: Infant and Young Child Feeding: Exclusive breastfeeding, New York, October 2023.

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Percent of population who cannot afford a healthy diet

Adults, 2010-2024

Area covered:	National
References:	The Food Systems Dashboard. The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), The Columbia Climate School, and Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. 2024. Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.foodsystemsdashboard.org. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36072/db.

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Oesophageal cancer

Men, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Indicence per 100,000

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Women, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Indicence per 100,000

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Men, 2020-2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed 10.01.2093
Definitions:	Age-standardized indicence rates per 100 000

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Women, 2020-2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed 10.01.2093
Definitions:	Age-standardized indicence rates per 100 000

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Breast cancer

Women, 2022

Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Colorectal cancer

Men, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Women, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Men, 2020-2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed 10.01.2093
Definitions:	Age-standardized indicence rates per 100 000

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Women, 2020-2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed 10.01.2093
Definitions:	Age-standardized indicence rates per 100 000

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Pancreatic cancer

Men, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Women, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Men, 2020-2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed 10.01.2093
Definitions:	Age-standardized indicence rates per 100 000

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Women, 2020-2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed 10.01.2093
Definitions:	Age-standardized indicence rates per 100 000

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Gallbladder cancer

Men, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Indicence per 100,000

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Women, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Indicence per 100,000

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Men, 2020-2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed 10.01.2093
Definitions:	Age-standardized indicence rates per 100 000

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Women, 2020-2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed 10.01.2093
Definitions:	Age-standardized indicence rates per 100 000

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Kidney cancer

Men, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Women, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Men, 2020-2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed 10.01.2093
Definitions:	Age-standardized indicence rates per 100 000

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Women, 2020-2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed 10.01.2093
Definitions:	Age-standardized indicence rates per 100 000

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Cancer of the uterus

Women, 2022

Age:	20+
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Women, 2020-2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed 10.01.2093
Definitions:	Age-standardized indicence rates per 100 000

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Raised blood pressure

Adults, 2015

References:	Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A875?lang=en
Definitions:	Age Standardised estimated % Raised blood pressure 2015 (SBP>=140 OR DBP>=90).

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Men, 2015

References:	Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A875?lang=en
Definitions:	Age Standardised estimated % Raised blood pressure 2015 (SBP>=140 OR DBP>=90).

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Women, 2015

References:	Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A875?lang=en
Definitions:	Age Standardised estimated % Raised blood pressure 2015 (SBP>=140 OR DBP>=90).

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Raised cholesterol

Adults, 2008

References:	Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A885
Definitions:	% Raised total cholesterol (>= 5.0 mmol/L) (age-standardized estimate).

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Men, 2008

References:	Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A885
Definitions:	% Raised total cholesterol (>= 5.0 mmol/L) (age-standardized estimate).

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Women, 2008

References:	Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A885
Definitions:	% Raised total cholesterol (>= 5.0 mmol/L) (age-standardized estimate).

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Raised fasting blood glucose

Men, 2014

References:	Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A869?lang=en
Definitions:	Age Standardised % raised fasting blood glucose (>= 7.0 mmol/L or on medication).

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Women, 2014

References:	Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A869?lang=en
Definitions:	Age Standardised % raised fasting blood glucose (>= 7.0 mmol/L or on medication).

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Diabetes prevalence

Adults, 2024

References:

Reproduced with kind permission International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 11th edn. Brussels, Belgium:International Diabetes Federation, 2025. http://www.diabetesatlas.org

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Adults, 2021

Age:	20-79
Area covered:	National
References:	Reproduced with kind permission International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edn. Brussels, Belgium:International Diabetes Federation, 2021. http://www.diabetesatlas.org
Definitions:	Age-adjusted comparative prevalence of diabetes, %

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Adults, 2019

Age:	20-79
References:	Reproduced with kind permission International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th edn. Brussels,Belgium: 2019. Available at: https://www.diabetesatlas.org
Definitions:	Diabetes age-adjusted comparative prevalence (%).

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Adults, 2017

References:	Reproduced with kind permission of IDF, International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th edition. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2017. http://www.diabetesatlas.org
Definitions:	Diabetes age-adjusted comparative prevalence (%).

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Ovarian Cancer

Women, 2022

Age:	20+
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Leukemia

Men, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m².

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Women, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m².

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Men, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m².

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Women, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m².

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Liver and intrahepatic bile duct Cancer

Men, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Women, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Multiple Myeloma

Men, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Indicence per 100,000
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m².

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Women, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Indicence per 100,000
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m².

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Non Hodgkin Lymphoma

Men, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m².

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Women, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m².

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Thyroid Cancer

Men, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Women, 2022

Age:	20+
Area covered:	National
References:	Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024).Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today, accessed [16.07.24]
Definitions:	Incidence per 100,000

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Economic impact of overweight and obesity

Policies, Interventions and Actions

SADC Strategy and Implementation Plan on the Prevention of Overweight and Obesity

This document lays out SADC’s strategic intent to support Member States in the prevention of overweight and obesity. Objectives include being able to: • Engage and secure commitment from SADC Member States for the successful implementation of the strategy. • Strengthen policy and regulatory frameworks to foster an enabling environment for the prevention and control of obesity. • Enhance the capacity and knowledge of leaders, decision-makers, and institutions to actively promote interventions for and investment in obesity prevention. • Develop and implement effective roadmaps across all SADC Member States for the prevention and control obesity. • Establish and maintain an efficient regional surveillance system to facilitate evidence-based decision making.

Categories:	Transnational Obesity Strategies/Policy/Recommendations or Action Plan
Year(s):	2024-2030
Target age group:	Adults and children
Organisation:	Southern African Development Community (SADC)
Linked document:	Download linked document
References:	SADC Strategy on the Prevention of Overweight and Obesity and Implementation Plan 2024-2030, Gaborone, Botswana, 2024

GNPR 2016-17 (q7) Breastfeeeding promotion and/or counselling

WHO Global Nutrition Policy Review 2016-2017 reported the evidence of breastfeeding promotion and/or counselling (q7)

Categories:	Evidence of Breastfeeding promotion or related activity
Target age group:	Adults
Organisation:	Ministry of Health (information provided by the GINA progam)
Find out more:	extranet.who.int
References:	Information provided with kind permission of WHO Global database on the Implementation of Nutrition Action (GINA): https://extranet.who.int/nutrition/gina/en Please note the GINA website has been replaced by the GIFNA database and the GINA link will no longer work. You will find this document by searching this new database: https://gifna.who.int/

Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes: National Implementation of the International Code Status Report 2016 (Promotion of Breastfeeding)

The 2016 report provides information on the status of implementing the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly resolutions (“the Code”) in and by countries. The report also identifies in which countries they actively promote the benefits of breastfeeding.

Categories:	Evidence of Breastfeeding promotion or related activity
Target age group:	Adults
Organisation:	WHO UNICEF IBFAN
References:	WHO. UNICEF. IBFAN. Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: National Implementation of the International Code. Status Report 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016

No actions could be found for the above criteria.

Contextual factors

Disclaimer: These contextual factors should be interpreted with care. Results are updated as regularly as possible and use very specific criteria. The criteria used and full definitions are available for download at the bottom of this page.

Tap on a tick to find out more about policies influencing this factor.

Labelling

Is there mandatory nutrition labelling?	Absent
Front-of-package labelling?	Absent
Back-of-pack nutrition declaration?	Absent
Color coding?	Absent
Warning label?	Absent

Regulation and marketing

Are there fiscal policies on unhealthy products?	Absent
Tax on unhealthy foods?	Absent
Tax on unhealthy drinks?	Absent

Are there fiscal policies on healthy products?	Absent
Subsidy on fruits?	Absent
Subsidy on vegetables?	Absent
Subsidy on other healthy products?	Absent

Mandatory limit or ban of trans fat (all settings)?	Absent
Mandatory limit of trans fats in place (all settings)?	Absent
Ban on trans-fats or phos in place (all settings)?	Absent

Are there any mandatory policies/marketing restrictions on the promotion of unhealthy food/drinks to children?	Absent
Mandatory restriction on broadcast media?	Absent
Mandatory restriction on non-broadcast media?	Absent
Voluntary policies/marketing restrictions on the promotion of unhealthy food/drinks to children?	Absent

Are there mandatory standards for food in schools?	Absent

Are there any mandatory nutrient limits in any manufactured food products?	Absent

Nutrition standards for public sector procurement?	Absent

Political will and support

National obesity strategy or nutrition and physical activity national strategy?	Absent
National obesity strategy?	Absent
National childhood obesity strategy?	Absent
Comprehensive nutrition strategy?	Absent
Comprehensive physical activity strategy?	Absent

Evidence-based dietary guidelines and/or RDAs?	Absent

National target(s) on reducing obesity?	Absent

Promotion of breastfeeding?	Present

Monitoring and surveillance

Monitoring of the prevalence and incidence for the main obesity-related NCDs and risk factors?	Present
Within 5 years?	Absent

Governance and resource

Multi-sectoral national co-ordination mechanism for obesity or nutrition (including obesity)?	Absent

Key

Present

Present (voluntary)

Incoming

Absent

Unknown

Last updated September 13, 2022

See more policies here

Download contextual factors as a PDF Contextual factors definitions

Obesity prevalence

Download report card

Population breakdowns

By education

By region

By socio-economic group

Double Burden

Drivers

Insufficient activity

Fruit consumption

Processed meat consumption

Grains consumption

Depression

Anxiety

Roots of obesity »

Breastfeeding

Unaffordable diet

Download report card

Comorbidities

Oesophageal cancer

Breast cancer

Colorectal cancer

Pancreatic cancer

Gallbladder cancer

Kidney cancer

Cancer of the uterus

Raised blood pressure

Raised cholesterol

Raised fasting blood glucose

Diabetes prevalence

Ovarian Cancer

Leukemia

Liver & bile duct cancer

Mulitple Myeloma

Non Hodgkin Lymphoma

Thyroid Cancer

Download report card

Economic impact

Economic impact

Download report card

Policies

Transnational Obesity Strategies

Breastfeeding

Download report card

Contextual factors

Contextual factors

Obesity prevalence

Women, 2012

Adults, 2011

Women, 1996

Girls, 2012

0-5 years, 2012

0-5 years, 2000

0-5 years, 1996

Overweight/obesity by education

0-5 years, 2012

0-5 years, 2000

0-5 years, 1996

Overweight/obesity by region

Girls, 2012

0-5 years, 2012

0-5 years, 2000

0-5 years, 1996

Overweight/obesity by socio-economic group

0-5 years, 2012

0-5 years, 2000

0-5 years, 1996

Double burden of underweight & overweight

Adults, 2022

Children, 2022

0-5 years, 2012-2012

Insufficient physical activity

Adults, 2022

Men, 2022

Women, 2022

Adults, 2016

Men, 2016

Women, 2016

Estimated per capita fruit intake

Adults, 2017