Singapore
- Overview
- Obesity prevalence
- Trends over time
- Population breakdowns
- Drivers
- Comorbidities
- Health systems
- Actions
Obesity prevalence
Trends over time
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The report card collates all the most-recent graphics for this country. If you would like to produce a custom report based on selected graphics, just tap the Add to custom PDF button below the graphics you would like to use.Population breakdowns
Drivers
Comorbidities
Health systems
Obesity prevalence
Adults, 2017
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 18-69 |
Sample size: | 1100 |
Area covered: | National |
References: | Ministry of Health. National Population Health Survey. 2016/17. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/resources-statistics/reports/executive-summary-nphs-2016_17.pdf (Accessed 2 April 2019). |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². |
Adults, 2013
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 18-69 |
Area covered: | National |
References: | National Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) 2013. Ministry of Health Singapore. |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². |
Adults, 2010
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 18-69 |
Sample size: | 4337 |
Area covered: | National |
References: | National Health Survey 2010. Ministry of Health Singapore 2011. Report and Tables available at https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/reports/national-health-survey-2010 (assessed 08.10.12) |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². |
Adults, 2004
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 18-69 |
Sample size: | 4168 |
Area covered: | National |
References: | Ministry of Health. National Health Survey 2004: Singapore. WHO Report 2005. |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². |
Adults, 1998
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 18-69 |
Area covered: | National |
References: | National Health Survey 1998. Ministry of Health Singapore |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². |
Adults, 1992
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 18-69 |
Area covered: | National |
References: | National Health Survey Singapore 1992. Ministry of Health Singapore. |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². |
Children, 2017
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 6-18 |
Sample size: | >400000 |
Area covered: | National |
References: | Ministry of Education Survey. Publicly Available Data at https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/obesity-trend-and-programmes (last accessed 10.12.20) |
Notes: | Supplementary survey information obtained from Ministry of Education |
Definitions: | o Obesity: BMI-for-age percentile >= 97th percentile o Overweight: BMI-for-age percentile = 90th to < 97th percentile |
Cutoffs: | Other |
Children, 1993
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 10 |
Sample size: | 5350 |
References: | Bellizzi MC, Horgan GW, Guillaume M, Dietz WH. Prevalence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Asian and European countries. In: Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence. Editors: Chunming Chen, William H. Dietz. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series Pediatric Program. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002. |
Notes: | IOTF Cut off. Reference: Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. BMJ. 2000 May 6;320(7244):1240-3. NB. Combined child data estimated. These estimates were calculated by weighting male and female survey results. Weighting based on World Bank Population % total female 2019 (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.FE.ZS - accessed 21.10.20)' |
Cutoffs: | IOTF |
% Adults living with obesity in Singapore
Men
Survey type: | Measured |
References: | 1992: National Health Survey Singapore 1992. Ministry of Health Singapore. 1998: National Health Survey 1998. Ministry of Health Singapore 2004: Ministry of Health. National Health Survey 2004: Singapore. WHO Report 2005. 2010: National Health Survey 2010. Ministry of Health Singapore 2011. Report and Tables available at https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/reports/national-health-survey-2010 (assessed 08.10.12) 2013: National Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) 2013. Ministry of Health Singapore. 2017: Ministry of Health. National Population Health Survey. 2016/17. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/resources-statistics/reports/executive-summary-nphs-2016_17.pdf (Accessed 2 April 2019). |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Different methodologies may have been used to collect this data and so data from different surveys may not be strictly comparable. Please check with original data sources for methodologies used. |
Men and women
Survey type: | Measured |
References: | 1992: National Health Survey Singapore 1992. Ministry of Health Singapore. 1998: National Health Survey 1998. Ministry of Health Singapore 2004: Ministry of Health. National Health Survey 2004: Singapore. WHO Report 2005. 2010: National Health Survey 2010. Ministry of Health Singapore 2011. Report and Tables available at https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/reports/national-health-survey-2010 (assessed 08.10.12) 2013: National Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) 2013. Ministry of Health Singapore. 2017: Ministry of Health. National Population Health Survey. 2016/17. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/resources-statistics/reports/executive-summary-nphs-2016_17.pdf (Accessed 2 April 2019). |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Different methodologies may have been used to collect this data and so data from different surveys may not be strictly comparable. Please check with original data sources for methodologies used. |
Women
Survey type: | Measured |
References: | 1992: National Health Survey Singapore 1992. Ministry of Health Singapore. 1998: National Health Survey 1998. Ministry of Health Singapore 2004: Ministry of Health. National Health Survey 2004: Singapore. WHO Report 2005. 2010: National Health Survey 2010. Ministry of Health Singapore 2011. Report and Tables available at https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/reports/national-health-survey-2010 (assessed 08.10.12) 2013: National Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) 2013. Ministry of Health Singapore. 2017: Ministry of Health. National Population Health Survey. 2016/17. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/resources-statistics/reports/executive-summary-nphs-2016_17.pdf (Accessed 2 April 2019). |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Different methodologies may have been used to collect this data and so data from different surveys may not be strictly comparable. Please check with original data sources for methodologies used. |
% Adults living with overweight or obesity in Singapore
Men
Survey type: | Measured |
References: | 1992: National Health Survey Singapore 1992. Ministry of Health Singapore. 1998: National Health Survey 1998. Ministry of Health Singapore 2004: Ministry of Health. National Health Survey 2004: Singapore. WHO Report 2005. 2010: National Health Survey 2010. Ministry of Health Singapore 2011. Report and Tables available at https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/reports/national-health-survey-2010 (assessed 08.10.12) 2013: National Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) 2013. Ministry of Health Singapore. 2017: Ministry of Health. National Population Health Survey. 2016/17. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/resources-statistics/reports/executive-summary-nphs-2016_17.pdf (Accessed 2 April 2019). |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Different methodologies may have been used to collect this data and so data from different surveys may not be strictly comparable. Please check with original data sources for methodologies used. |
Men and women
Survey type: | Measured |
References: | 1992: National Health Survey Singapore 1992. Ministry of Health Singapore. 1998: National Health Survey 1998. Ministry of Health Singapore 2004: Ministry of Health. National Health Survey 2004: Singapore. WHO Report 2005. 2010: National Health Survey 2010. Ministry of Health Singapore 2011. Report and Tables available at https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/reports/national-health-survey-2010 (assessed 08.10.12) 2013: National Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) 2013. Ministry of Health Singapore. 2017: Ministry of Health. National Population Health Survey. 2016/17. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/resources-statistics/reports/executive-summary-nphs-2016_17.pdf (Accessed 2 April 2019). |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Different methodologies may have been used to collect this data and so data from different surveys may not be strictly comparable. Please check with original data sources for methodologies used. |
Women
Survey type: | Measured |
References: | 1992: National Health Survey Singapore 1992. Ministry of Health Singapore. 1998: National Health Survey 1998. Ministry of Health Singapore 2004: Ministry of Health. National Health Survey 2004: Singapore. WHO Report 2005. 2010: National Health Survey 2010. Ministry of Health Singapore 2011. Report and Tables available at https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/reports/national-health-survey-2010 (assessed 08.10.12) 2013: National Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) 2013. Ministry of Health Singapore. 2017: Ministry of Health. National Population Health Survey. 2016/17. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/resources-statistics/reports/executive-summary-nphs-2016_17.pdf (Accessed 2 April 2019). |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². | |
Different methodologies may have been used to collect this data and so data from different surveys may not be strictly comparable. Please check with original data sources for methodologies used. |
Overweight/obesity by age
Adults, 2010
Survey type: | Measured |
Sample size: | 4337 |
Area covered: | National |
References: | National Health Survey 2010. Ministry of Health Singapore 2011. Report and Tables available at https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/reports/national-health-survey-2010 (assessed 08.10.12) |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². |
Overweight/obesity by ethnicity
Men, 2010
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 18-69 |
Sample size: | 4337 |
Area covered: | National |
References: | National Health Survey 2010. Ministry of Health Singapore 2011. Report and Tables available at https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/reports/national-health-survey-2010 (tables last accessed 04.03.21) |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². |
Women, 2010
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 18-69 |
Sample size: | 4337 |
Area covered: | National |
References: | National Health Survey 2010. Ministry of Health Singapore 2011. Report and Tables available at https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/reports/national-health-survey-2010 (tables last accessed 04.03.21) |
Unless otherwise noted, overweight refers to a BMI between 25kg and 29.9kg/m², obesity refers to a BMI greater than 30kg/m². |
Insufficient physical activity
Adults, 2016
References: | Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. Lancet 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7 |
Men, 2016
References: | Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. Lancet 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7 |
Women, 2016
References: | Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. Lancet 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7 |
Children, 2010
Age: | 11-17 |
References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A893?lang=en |
Notes: | % of school going adolescents not meeting WHO recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, i.e. doing less than 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily. |
Definitions: | % Adolescents insufficiently active (age standardised estimate) |
Boys, 2010
Age: | 11-17 |
References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A893?lang=en |
Notes: | % of school going adolescents not meeting WHO recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, i.e. doing less than 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily. |
Definitions: | % Adolescents insufficiently active (age standardised estimate) |
Girls, 2010
Age: | 11-17 |
References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A893?lang=en |
Notes: | % of school going adolescents not meeting WHO recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, i.e. doing less than 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily. |
Definitions: | % Adolescents insufficiently active (age standardised estimate) |
Estimated per capita fruit intake
Adults, 2017
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 25+ |
References: | Global Burden of Disease, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation http://ghdx.healthdata.org/ |
Definitions: | Estimated per-capita fruit intake (g/day) |
Estimated per-capita processed meat intake
Adults, 2017
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 25+ |
References: | Global Burden of Disease, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation http://ghdx.healthdata.org/ |
Definitions: | Estimated per-capita processed meat intake (g per day) |
Estimated per capita whole grains intake
Adults, 2017
Survey type: | Measured |
Age: | 25+ |
References: | Global Burden of Disease, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation http://ghdx.healthdata.org/ |
Definitions: | Estimated per-capita whole grains intake (g/day) |
Mental health - depression disorders
Adults, 2015
References: | Prevalence data from Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) published in: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. |
Definitions: | % of population with depression disorders |
Mental health - anxiety disorders
Adults, 2015
References: | Prevalence data from Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) published in: Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. |
Definitions: | % of population with anxiety disorders |
Oesophageal cancer
Men, 2018
Age: | 20+ |
References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, oesophagus, adults ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Women, 2018
Age: | 20+ |
References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, oesophagus, adults ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Breast cancer
Women, 2018
Age: | 20+ |
References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, breast, females, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Colorectal cancer
Men, 2018
Age: | 20+ |
References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, colorectum, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Women, 2018
Age: | 20+ |
References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, colorectum, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Pancreatic cancer
Men, 2018
Age: | 20+ |
References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, pancreas, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Women, 2018
Age: | 20+ |
References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, pancreas, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Gallbladder cancer
Men, 2018
Age: | 20+ |
References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, gallbladder, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Women, 2018
Age: | 20+ |
References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, gallbladder, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Kidney cancer
Men, 2018
Age: | 20+ |
References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, kidney, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Women, 2018
Age: | 20+ |
References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, kidney, adults, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Cancer of the uterus
Women, 2018
Age: | 20+ |
References: | Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer incidence rates http://gco.iarc.fr/ (last accessed 30th June 2020) |
Definitions: | Estimated age-standardized incidence rates (World) in 2018, cervix uteri, females, ages 20+. ASR (World) per 100,000 |
Raised blood pressure
Adults, 2015
References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A875?lang=en |
Definitions: | Age Standardised estimated % Raised blood pressure 2015 (SBP>=140 OR DBP>=90). |
Men, 2015
References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A875?lang=en |
Definitions: | Age Standardised estimated % Raised blood pressure 2015 (SBP>=140 OR DBP>=90). |
Women, 2015
References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A875?lang=en |
Definitions: | Age Standardised estimated % Raised blood pressure 2015 (SBP>=140 OR DBP>=90). |
Raised cholesterol
Adults, 2008
References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A885 |
Definitions: | % Raised total cholesterol (>= 5.0 mmol/L) (age-standardized estimate). |
Men, 2008
References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A885 |
Definitions: | % Raised total cholesterol (>= 5.0 mmol/L) (age-standardized estimate). |
Women, 2008
References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A885 |
Definitions: | % Raised total cholesterol (>= 5.0 mmol/L) (age-standardized estimate). |
Raised fasting blood glucose
Men, 2014
References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A869?lang=en |
Definitions: | Age Standardised % raised fasting blood glucose (>= 7.0 mmol/L or on medication). |
Women, 2014
References: | Global Health Observatory data repository, World Health Organisation, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A869?lang=en |
Definitions: | Age Standardised % raised fasting blood glucose (>= 7.0 mmol/L or on medication). |
Diabetes prevalence
Adults, 2017
References: | Reproduced with kind permission of IDF, International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th edition. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2017. http://www.diabetesatlas.org |
Definitions: | Diabetes age-adjusted comparative prevalence (%). |
Health systems
Health systems summary
Singapore have a multi-layered health system that is considered one of the most efficient in the world. Universal health coverage is funded through a combination of government subsidies paid for by general tax revenue, private individual savings and other healthcare financing schemes. Government subsidies cover up to 80% of the cost of care provided in public hospitals and primary care clinics, with remaining costs tending to be covered by Medisave, Medishield or Medifund. Not all financing schemes cover all services though - for example, Medishield generally does not cover preventive services. As a result of these differences in coverage, out-of-pocket spending is not uncommon. There are also a range of private health insurance plans that can supplement the above.
Indicators
Where is the country’s government in the journey towards defining ‘Obesity as a disease’? | Some progress |
Where is the country’s healthcare provider in the journey towards defining ‘Obesity as a disease’? | Some progress |
Is there specialist training available dedicated to the training of health professionals to prevent, diagnose, treat and manage obesity? | Some progress |
Have any taxes or subsidies been put in place to protect/assist/inform the population around obesity? | No |
Are there adequate numbers of trained health professionals in specialties relevant to obesity in urban areas? | Yes |
Are there any obesity-specific recommendations or guidelines published for adults? | Yes |
Are there any obesity-specific recommendations or guidelines published for children? | Yes |
In practice, how is obesity treatment largely funded? | Out of pocket |
Summary of stakeholder feedback
Stakeholders felt that the government was on its way to recognising obesity as a disease, with there being several policies and resources dedicated to the cause. In particular, there is investment into health promotion to increase physical activity and the consumption of healthy foods.
Despite increased recognition of obesity as a disease, government subsidies for obesity treatment are not as comprehensive as they are for other chronic diseases such as diabetes. For eligible patients, there are government subsidies of approximately 50% for consultations, investigations and bariatric surgery. For those that are fully dependent on public funding, a full subsidy is available providing certain criteria is met. Pharmacotherapy, however, is generally paid for out of pocket in the public system and coverage from private insurance tends to be poorer than that in the public system. It was said that that those living with overweight and obesity tended to become eligible for pharmacotherapy when their BMI was >30 kg/m² without comorbidities, and then bariatric surgery when their BMI was >37.5 kg/m².
It was reported that people living with obesity tended to enter the system via primary care. Some self-refer and others are referred to obesity clinics by general practitioners or specialists. Unfortunately, stakeholders claimed that most healthcare providers treat obesity as a “cosmetic” issue that is a result of poor lifestyle choices rather than a disease and so this impedes the care pathway. Usually, support is only offered to those with medical complications associated with obesity, not for the obesity itself per se. Stakeholders noted that individuals tended to leave the system by not turning up or cancelling appointments when they realised it was to discuss their obesity or because they were not appropriately referred on to specialist care.
Overall, there is a reasonable number of suitably qualified obesity treatment professionals in Singapore. This is despite there being limited specialist training available. The best training was limited to certain institutions and mostly for endocrinologists and other physicians.
Singapore has a national non-communicable disease strategy that has sections relevant to the obesity agenda. Since the implementation of the measures in the strategy, it was reported that obesity prevalence has fallen. There is also the Ministry of Health Clinical Practice Guidelines for obesity that are evidence-based and generally followed by health care practitioners.
Based on interviews/survey returns from 4 stakeholders
Last updated: June 2020